Aortic Aneurysm
What is an aortic aneurysm? The aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries blood and oxygen from your heart to other parts of your body. It’s shaped like a curved candy cane. The ascending aorta leads up from your heart. The descending aorta travels back down into your abdomen (belly). An aneurysm can develop in any artery. An aortic aneurysm develops when there’s a weakness in the wall of your aorta. The pressure of blood pumping through the artery causes a balloon-like bulge in the weak area of your aorta. This bulge is called an aortic aneurysm.
What are the different types? There are two different types of aortic aneurysms. They affect different parts of your body: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA): An abdominal aortic aneurysm develops in the “handle” of your aorta that points down. Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA): A thoracic aortic aneurysm (heart aneurysm) occurs in the section that is shaped like an upside-down U at the top of your aorta. In people with Marfan syndrome (a connective tissue disorder), a TAA may occur in the ascending aorta.
How common are they? Abdominal aortic aneurysms are 4 to 6 times more common in men and people assigned male at birth than women and people assigned female at birth. They affect only about 1% of men aged 55 to 64. They become more common with every decade of age. The likelihood increases by up to 4% every 10 years of life. Abdominal aortic aneurysms occur more frequently than thoracic aortic aneurysms. This may be because the wall of your thoracic aorta is thicker and stronger than the wall of your abdominal aorta.
What are the risk factors for aortic
aneurysm?
Both your family history and your
lifestyle can play a role in your risk of developing an aortic aneurysm. Aortic
aneurysms occur most often in people who:
- Smoke.
- Are over age 65.
- Were assigned male at birth.
- Have a family history of aortic
aneurysms.
- Have high blood pressure
(hypertension).
What causes aortic aneurysm?
The causes of an aortic aneurysm are
often unknown, but can include:
- Atherosclerosis (narrowing of the
arteries).
- Inflammation of the arteries.
- Inherited conditions, especially
those that affect connective tissue (such as Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome).
- Injury to an aorta.
- Infections, such as syphilis.
What are the symptoms of an aortic
aneurysm?
In many cases, people do not know
they have an aortic aneurysm. An aneurysm often doesn’t cause any symptoms
until it ruptures (bursts).
Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm come
on suddenly and can include:
- Dizziness or lightheadedness.
- Rapid heart rate.
- Sudden, severe chest pain, abdominal
pain or back pain.
Finding an aortic aneurysm before it
ruptures offers your best chance of recovery. As an aortic aneurysm grows, you
might notice symptoms including:
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of
breath.
- Feeling full even after a small
meal.
- Pain wherever the aneurysm is
growing (could be in your neck, back, chest or abdomen).
- Painful or difficult swallowing.
- Swelling of your arms, neck or face.
What are the complications of an
aortic aneurysm?
If an aortic aneurysm ruptures, it
causes internal bleeding. Depending on the location of the aneurysm, a rupture
can be very dangerous — even life-threatening. With immediate treatment, many
people can recover from a ruptured aneurysm.
A growing aortic aneurysm can also
lead to a tear (aortic dissection) in the artery wall. A dissection allows
blood to leak in between the walls of the artery. This causes a narrowing of
the artery. The narrowed artery reduces or blocks blood flow from the heart to
other areas. The pressure of blood building up in the artery walls can also
cause the aneurysm to rupture.
How is aortic aneurysm diagnosed?
Many aneurysms develop without
causing symptoms. Providers often discover these aneurysms during a routine
checkup or screening.
If you are at high risk of
developing an aortic aneurysm — or have any aneurysm symptoms — your provider
will do imaging tests. Imaging tests that can find and help diagnose an aortic
aneurysm include:
- CT scan.
- CT or MRI angiography.
- Ultrasound.
How is an unruptured aortic aneurysm
treated?
If you have an unruptured aortic
aneurysm, your provider will monitor your condition closely. If you have risk
factors for developing an aortic aneurysm, your provider may also recommend
regular screenings.
Treatment aims to prevent the
aneurysm from growing large enough to tear the artery or burst. For smaller,
unruptured aneurysms, your provider may prescribe medications to improve blood
flow, lower blood pressure or control cholesterol. All can help slow aneurysm
growth and reduce pressure on the artery wall.
What are the types of aortic
aneurysm surgery?
Large aneurysms at risk of
dissecting or rupturing may require surgery. Your provider might use one of
these types of surgical procedures to treat an aortic aneurysm:
Open aneurysm repair: Your provider
removes the aneurysm and sews a graft (a section of specialized tubing) in
place to repair the artery. Open aneurysm repair surgery may also be necessary
if an aneurysm bursts.
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR):
Endovascular surgery is a minimally invasive procedure to fix aortic aneurysms.
During the procedure, your provider uses a catheter (thin tube) to insert a
graft to reinforce or repair the artery. This procedure is also called thoracic
endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) or fenestrated endovascular aneurysm
repair (FEVAR).
What can I expect after aortic
aneurysm surgery?
Recovery after aneurysm surgery
takes a month or longer. Your provider will continue to monitor you for changes
to the aneurysm, growth or complications. Most people have positive outcomes
after surgery.
All surgery has risks. Possible
complications after surgery include:
- Leaking blood around the graft
(called endoleak).
- Movement of the graft away from
where it was placed.
- Formation of blood clots.
- Infection.